Real observations show a slight decrease of global temperature in 2025 compared with the previous ten years. Some stations in the Arctic show warming, but most are fairly stable. The Arctic Ocean is cooling to considerable depth, while the tropical…
Corrigendum In Ollila (2025) there is a spelling error in the manuscript. Equation (2) in the corrected form is:RF = -60.01 +18.435 * ln(HTPW) [Wm-2]This error has had no impact on the results since the right form of equation (2)…
Global ocean heat content (OHC) anomalies and derived Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) estimates, central to contemporary climate assessments including IPCC AR6, are constructed through processes that violate the scientific method. These metrics rely almost exclusively on temperature data from the…
The anthropogenic theory of global warming advocated by the IPCC is based on the theory that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) from anthropogenic emissions causes warming, which in turn increases water vapor, triggering a positive feedback loop that leads to…
Much public discourse in global warming centres around the oft-quoted rise in temperature of approximately 1.1°C in global average temperature in the post-industrial period. This is considered in some quarters to constitute a “Climate Emergency” demanding “Climate Action”. In this…
The positive feedback of water vapour has been the basic feature of General Circulation Models (GCMs), which approximately doubles the warming impacts of any other climate drivers. Some published scientific papers have shown that simple climate models without this feature…
The authors are critically revisiting the Carbon Cycle and find for the stock-to-outflow ratio of CO2 in the atmosphere a residence time of about five years. Accordingly, only about 5.5% of the atmospheric CO2 stock comes from fossil fuel emissions…
Earth’s average annual temperature has increased by near 1.50C since the 19th century. This has been analysed principally through computer-based climate models built up from causal hypotheses. The resulting theory of anthropogenic climate change (ACC) has the central hypothesis that…
The impression is gained that there is still no conclusive physical description of the global behavior of CO2 absorption/emission in the various reservoirs. There is a growing group that is convinced, the residence time of CO2 in the atmosphere is…
The increased atmospheric CO₂ level is widely recognized as a primary driver of global greening (a 30% increase in GPP since 1900). It raises the question whether such an increased CO₂ level is also a necessary condition for a large…
Any perturbation in the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) that induces a net energy flux into- or out of Earth’s thermal system will result in a surface temperature response Correspondence: until a new equilibrium is reached.…
This study investigates whether atmospheric CO₂ precedes or lags global temperature changes over the past 2000 yr, using both visual and statistical analyses. A parallel evaluation of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and temperature was conducted to assess the influence of…
For our studies of the greenhouse gas emission – different to a simpler experimental set-up with a horizontally positioned Styrofoam box described in Part I – here we use an arrangement consisting of a vertically placed cylinder with uniformly heated…
In two consecutive studies, the suitability of different experimental set-ups for detecting and measuring the emission of infrared-active gases is investigated, as this is of particular importance for understanding the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The first part presents a horizontally arranged…
The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system, which since Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 570–495 BC) is known as the music of the spheres, is briefly reviewed from the Renaissance up to contemporary research. Copernicus’ heliocentric model from 1543…
Observations of solar and planetary orbits, rotations, and diameters show that these attributes are related by simple ratios. The forces of gravity and magnetism and the principles of energy conservation, entropy, power laws, and the log-normal distribution which are evident…