SCC Volume 2.1. The term “cryosphere” refers to the frozen water regions on the Earth: e.g., glaciers, snowcovered regions, sea ice and permafrost regions. Glaciologists define an “ice age” for the Earth as periods where permanent ice sheets are present…

SCC Volume 2.1. This talk is devoted to the science of the Oceans with special reference to the Gulf Stream Beat. Forcing of the ocean circulation system is controlled by the planetary beat on the Sun, Moon, and the Earth.…