The increased atmospheric CO₂ level is widely recognized as a primary driver of global greening (a 30% increase in GPP since 1900). It raises the question whether such an increased CO₂ level is also a necessary condition for a large…
Any perturbation in the radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) that induces a net energy flux into- or out of Earth’s thermal system will result in a surface temperature response Correspondence: until a new equilibrium is reached.…
This study investigates whether atmospheric CO₂ precedes or lags global temperature changes over the past 2000 yr, using both visual and statistical analyses. A parallel evaluation of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and temperature was conducted to assess the influence of…
For our studies of the greenhouse gas emission – different to a simpler experimental set-up with a horizontally positioned Styrofoam box described in Part I – here we use an arrangement consisting of a vertically placed cylinder with uniformly heated…
In two consecutive studies, the suitability of different experimental set-ups for detecting and measuring the emission of infrared-active gases is investigated, as this is of particular importance for understanding the atmospheric greenhouse effect. The first part presents a horizontally arranged…
The complex planetary synchronization structure of the solar system, which since Pythagoras of Samos (ca. 570–495 BC) is known as the music of the spheres, is briefly reviewed from the Renaissance up to contemporary research. Copernicus’ heliocentric model from 1543…
Observations of solar and planetary orbits, rotations, and diameters show that these attributes are related by simple ratios. The forces of gravity and magnetism and the principles of energy conservation, entropy, power laws, and the log-normal distribution which are evident…
Different types of energy transfer are presented from the literature and are approached and commented on. It follows from these articles that energy transfer in addition to solar irradiation is less well understood by contemporary scientist. The transformation of energy…
Solar activity changes with time in a cyclic pattern. The origin of those changes may be caused by planetary motion around the Sun, affecting the position of the Sun’s motion with respect to the centre of mass and subjecting the…
The best method for identification of planetary forcing of the Earth’s climate is to inves-tigate periodic variations in climate time series. Some natural frequencies in the Earth climate system seem to be synchronized to planetary cycles and amplified to a…
A correlation is found between changes in Earth’s length of day [LOD] and the spatio–temporal disposition of the planetary masses in the solar system, characterised by the z axis displacement of the centre of mass of the solar system [CMSS]…
A Venus–Earth–Jupiter spin–orbit coupling model is constructed from a combination of the Venus– Earth–Jupiter tidal-torquing model and the gear effect. The new model produces net tangen-tial torques that act upon the outer convective layers of the Sun with periodicities that…
Commensurabilities are calculated based on published orbital periods of planets and satellites. Examples are given for commensurabilities that are strong or very strong. There are sets of com-mensurabilities that involve 3–4 celestial bodies. Our moon–Earth system is probably a key…
Reconstructions of solar–terrestrial (ST) phenomena, in sufficient quality, several thousands of years backward by means of radiocarbon (14C), 10Be or 18O isotopes have been employed for study of possible responses of the ordered (trefoil) and disordered intervals (types) of the…
Herein we adopt a multiscale dynamical spectral analysis technique to compare and study the dynamical evolution of the harmonic components of the overlapping ACRIMSAT/ACRIM3 (Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor Satellite/Active Cavity Radiometer Irradiance Monitor 3), SOHO/VIRGO (Solar and Heliopheric Observatory/Variability…
The Schwabe frequency band of the sunspot record since 1700 has an average period of 11.06 years and contains four major cycles, with periods of 9.97, 10.66, 11.01 and 11.83 years. Analysis of the O-C residuals of the timing of…